With the continuous development of my country's economic construction and the improvement of people's living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for building and decoration materials in terms of aesthetics, comfort and other functions, and the development of my country's science and technology and new building materials industry has also contributed to these The realization of the demand provides sufficient conditions.

With the continuous development of my country's economic construction and the improvement of people's living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for building and decoration materials in terms of aesthetics, comfort and other functions, and the development of my country's science and technology and new building materials industry has also contributed to these The realization of the demand provides sufficient conditions. Nowadays, ordinary building and decoration materials are far from meeting the needs of society. As a new type of environmental protection material, flame retardant materials have been widely used in various fields. With the continuous improvement of the formulation and implementation of relevant regulations and standards for flame retardant materials by relevant national departments, the application of flame retardant materials will be gradually developed.

1. The importance of flame retardant materials in public fire safety

The wide application of various types of new building materials and decoration materials with novel designs and colors has brought beautiful enjoyment and more convenience to people's lives. However, in these new building materials, decoration materials and various high-end furniture/components, quite a lot of products contain a large amount of flammable or flammable polymer materials, and may also release a large amount of smoke and toxic gases when burning. Potential fire hazard. These building materials, decoration materials and various high-end furniture/components with unclear combustion performance are widely used in buildings, leaving serious hidden dangers for building fire safety.

Larger public entertainment venues refer to dining venues such as dance halls, karaoke halls, night clubs, Internet cafes, entertainment, bathing, fitness, bars and cafes with entertainment functions that can accommodate more than 50 people or have an area of more than 200 square meters. In the past ten years, there have been many fire accidents in public entertainment places in my country, all of which have caused heavy casualties and property losses, and the social impact has been bad. A huge fire broke out, causing 233 deaths and 20 burns; in the evening of December 8, 1994, a huge fire in the Friendship Hall in Karamay City, Xinjiang, caused 325 deaths and 136 burns; in the early morning of March 29, 2000, in the mountains of Jiaozuo City, Henan Province At 9:35 pm on December 25, 2000, a huge fire in Dongdu Commercial Building, Laocheng District, Luoyang City, Henan Province caused 309 deaths; at 23:00 on September 20, 2008 Xu, a huge fire in the Longgang Dance King Club in Shenzhen killed 44 people and injured 88 people; at 23:55 on January 31, 2009, a huge fire in Changle Bar in Fujian killed 17 people and injured more than 20 people.

Looking at the above fires in public entertainment places, they all have the following characteristics:

(1) It burns violently and spreads rapidly. Due to the large building space, large span, and fast air circulation of public entertainment places, and the use of wood, fiberboard and other plastic products and decorations for interior decoration, if the fire is not handled properly, the fire will spread rapidly around, and it is easy to form three-dimensional burning.

(2) It is difficult to evacuate, and it is easy to cause casualties. The mobility and randomness of people in public entertainment places are high, and people are crowded during peak hours. Once a fire occurs, a large amount of smoke and poisonous gas will poison the people who are not evacuated in time. In addition, the crowd is crowded and the order is chaotic. casualties.

(3) The loss is large and the impact is large. Public entertainment places have many services. Most of them have massage, foot fitness, catering, fitness, video and other services and are open to the sky. Some public entertainment places are located in the bustling areas of the city and traffic arteries. If a fire occurs, it will not be controlled in time. The fire can develop into high-rise building fires and large-scale other building fires, which can easily cause major economic losses and adverse effects.

(4) Difficulty saving. A fire occurs in a public entertainment place, and there are many onlookers, which is easy to cause traffic jams and affect the firefighting of firefighters;
Secondly, the fire fighting equipment does not meet the needs of fire fighting.

Expert analysis believes that although the causes of fires with large groups of deaths and injuries in recent years are different, it is not difficult to find that a common cause of heavy casualties and property losses is the use of a large amount of burning smoke in buildings with high concentrations. , Building decoration materials and components with high toxicity or unsatisfactory combustion performance. These materials have not been treated with any flame retardant, not only the flame spreads very fast, but also releases a large amount of smoke and toxic gases when burning. In just a few minutes, it is difficult for a large number of people to escape quickly, and people are suffocated by crowding and pressing on each other. death, and ultimately tragedy. It should be said that the large number of deaths and injuries caused by fires in public entertainment places is closely related to the large-scale use of building materials and decorative materials that do not meet fire safety, health and environmental protection in buildings.

Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the study of fire prevention measures in public entertainment places. The use of flame retardant products that meet the requirements of combustion performance is the key to reducing fire losses and casualties. In order to further improve the fire safety level of public entertainment places, reduce the fire risk of such places, and reduce the occurrence of vicious fire accidents from the source, it is necessary to further strengthen the application and management of flame retardant products.

2. Development of flame retardant and fire protection technology in public entertainment places

What is a flame retardant material, general materials such as polyethylene plastic, etc., after adding some flame retardants, re-mixing is flame retardant treatment, we put flame retardant chemicals in the material, and reprocess it to become flame retardant materials , which is characterized by an increase in the ignition temperature of the material and a slowing of the burning speed. A flame retardant material is a protective material, a material that can prevent combustion and is not easy to burn by itself. The products of flame retardant materials can be mainly divided into 7 categories: flame retardant fabrics, flame retardant chemical fibers, flame retardant plastics, flame retardant rubber, fire retardant coatings, flame retardant wood materials and flame retardant paper, and inorganic non-combustible filling materials.

Flame retardant science and technology is a science developed to meet the needs of social safety in production and life, prevent fires, and protect people's lives and properties. It includes the research of flame retardant mechanism, the preparation process of flame retardant, the selection of flame retardant system, the development of flame retardant treatment and its products, the flame retardant treatment technology and the evaluation of flame retardant effect. It is necessary to study and formulate relevant technical standards, norms and management regulations, and carry out application research on flame retardant materials. Now, it is increasingly recognized that flame retardancy of reasonable materials is one of the strategic measures to reduce fires, and that flame retardancy, smoke suppression and detoxification can be achieved at the same time. In 1987, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) used small-scale and large-scale tests to compare the fire hazard of flame-retardant and non-flame-retardant styles of the following 5 typical plastic products: (1) polystyrene TV enclosures; (2) ) Polyphenylene oxide electronic computer shell; (3) Polyurethane foam plastic soft chair; (4) Cable with polyethylene insulation layer and rubber sheath; (5) Unsaturated polyester fiberglass circuit board. The measurement results of the test are: (1) The time available for evacuation of people and rescue of property after a fire occurs, and the flame-retardant sample is 15 times that of the non-flame-retardant sample; (2) The mass loss rate of the material when it is burned, the flame-retardant test The sample is less than 1/2 of that of the non-flame retardant sample; (3) The heat release rate of the material during combustion, the flame retardant sample is only 1/4 of the non-flame retardant sample; (4) The amount of toxic gas generated by the combustion of the material (Converted to CO meter), the flame retardant sample is only 1/3 of the non-flame retardant sample; (5) The amount of smoke generated when the flame retardant sample and the non-flame retardant sample are burned is almost the same. Tests have also shown that the flame retardant material does not generate extremely toxic or unusual combustion products. In addition, with regard to the amount of smoke generated when the material is burned and the types and contents of various gaseous products, small-scale tests and large-scale tests have obtained similar results in many cases. The test results have indeed proved that as long as the formula and process of preparing the flame retardant material are reasonable, the fire safety of the flame retardant material is higher than that of the non-flame retardant similar materials in many aspects, and the generation of smoke and toxic gases when the former is burned can also be compared. The latter is lower. Statistics show that in 1989 compared with 1980, the number of fire deaths in the United States decreased by 39% and the number of fire injuries decreased by 47% due to the burning of furniture; the two data in California, the United States, decreased by 64% and 72% respectively.

Through the above experiments, it can be concluded that through reasonable fire safety design and the use of flame retardant products, the occurrence of a crash can be completely prevented. This is of great significance to promote the development of fire safety design.

According to the latest fire statistics from the Fire Department of the Ministry of Public Security, from January to October 2008, a total of 13,000 fires occurred in crowded places such as shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, schools, hospitals, entertainment venues, and transportation hubs, resulting in 188 deaths and 149 injuries. The direct property loss was 480 million yuan. Among them, 50 people died in fires in public entertainment places, and among the 188 people who died in fires in crowded places, 82% died of suffocation due to inhalation of toxic fumes released by the burning of interior decoration materials. In view of this, public entertainment places are one of the important places where flammable buildings are densely populated and where a large number of people often gather, so the use of flame retardant fire prevention technology is a very important fire safety measure. Experts call for the use of non-combustible and flame-retardant building decoration materials as much as possible. If flammable and combustible materials are used, the materials should be flame-retardant.

On July 1, 2008, the national standard "flame retardant products and components in public places requirements and identification of combustion performance" GB20286-2006 stipulates the definition and classification of flame retardant products and components in public places, combustion performance requirements and identification, etc.

The combustion performance of flame-retardant fabrics such as decorative wall coverings (felt), curtains, curtains, decorative coverings (felt), bedspreads, and furniture coverings used in public places shall meet the requirements of Table 1.

Table 1 Technical requirements for combustion performance of flame retardant fabrics in public places

The combustion performance of plastic and rubber products such as wire conduits, gas pipes, sockets, switches, lamps, and home appliance housings used in public places should meet the requirements of Table 2.

Table 2 Technical requirements for combustion performance of flame retardant plastic and rubber products in public places

The combustion performance of foam plastics used in upholstered furniture such as seats, sofas, and mattresses used in public places shall meet the requirements of Table 3.
Table 3 Technical requirements for combustion performance of flame retardant foam plastics in public places

The combustion performance of furniture/components such as beds, mattresses, wiring cabinets, sofas, coffee tables, tables, and chairs used indoors in public places shall meet the requirements in Table 4.

Table 4 Technical requirements for combustion performance of flame retardant furniture and components in public places

The combustion performance of optical fiber cables, communication wires and cables and power wires and cables used in public places shall comply with the provisions of Table 5.

Table 5 Technical requirements for combustion performance of flame retardant wires and cables in public places

Flame retardant products and components used in public places should be sampled and sent to a nationally recognized and authorized inspection agency for inspection to determine their flame retardant performance grade. The flame retardant performance grade of flame retardant products and components should be marked on the product or product in an appropriate way. on the packaging. The flame retardant performance grade of flame retardant products and components used in public places must be clearly stated.